- Pacific
A Revealing Look at the Inside of Monsanto And Their Genetic Engineering Machine
By Jeffrey M. Smith
Hope to "Save the World Through Genetic Engineering"
Monsanto was quite happy to recruit young Kirk Azevedo to sell their genetically engineered cotton. Kirk had grown up on a California farm and had worked in several jobs monitoring and testing pesticides and herbicides. Kirk was bright, ambitious, handsome, and idealistic -- the perfect candidate to project the company‘s "Save the World Through Genetic Engineering" image.
It was that image, in fact, that convinced Kirk to take the job in 1996. "When I was contacted by the headhunter from Monsanto, I began to study the company, namely the work of their CEO, Robert Shapiro."
Kirk was thoroughly impressed with Shapiro‘s promise of a golden future through genetically modified (GM) crops. "He described how we would reduce the in-process waste from manufacturing, turn our fields into factories, and produce anything from lifesaving drugs to insect-resistant plants. It was fascinating to me." Kirk thought, "Here we go. I can do something to help the world and make it a better place."
He left his job and accepted a position at Monsanto, rising quickly to become the facilitator for GM cotton sales in California and Arizona. He would often repeat Shapiro‘s vision to customers, researchers, even fellow employees.
After about three months, he visited Monsanto‘s St. Louis headquarters for the first time for new employee training. There too, he took the opportunity to let his colleagues know how enthusiastic he was about Monsanto‘s technology that was going to reduce waste, decrease poverty, and help the world.
Hope Disappointed
Soon after the meeting, however, his world was shaken. "A vice president pulled me aside," recalled Kirk. "He told me something like, ‘Wait a second. What Robert Shapiro says is one thing. But what we do is something else. We are here to make money. He is the front man who tells a story. We don‘t even understand what he is saying.‘"
Kirk felt let down. "I went in there with the idea of helping and healing and came out with, ‘Oh, I guess it is just another profit-oriented company.‘" He returned to California, still holding out hopes that the new technology could make a difference.
Unusual Discoveries in Cotton Plants
Kirk was developing the market in the West for two types of GM cotton.
Bt cotton was engineered with a gene from a soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. Organic farmers use the natural form of the bacterium as an insecticide, spraying it occasionally during times of high pest infestation. Monsanto engineers, however, isolated and then altered the gene that produces the Bt-toxin, and inserted it into the DNA of the cotton plant. Now every cell of their Bt cotton produces a toxic protein.
The other variety was Roundup Ready® cotton. It contains another bacterial gene that enables the plant to survive an otherwise toxic dose of Monsanto‘s Roundup® herbicide. Since the patent on Roundup‘s main active ingredient, glyphosate, was due to expire in 2000, the company was planning to sell Roundup Ready seeds that were bundled with their Roundup herbicide, effectively extending their brand‘s dominance in the herbicide market.
In the summer of 1997, Kirk spoke with a Monsanto scientist who was doing some tests on Roundup Ready® cotton. Using a "Western blot" analysis, the scientist was able to identify different proteins by their molecular weight.
This scientist told Kirk that the GM cotton not only contained the intended protein produced by the Roundup Ready® gene, but also extra proteins that were not normally produced in the plant. These unknown proteins had been created during the gene insertion process.
Gene insertion was done using a gene gun (particle bombardment). Kirk, who has an undergraduate degree in biochemistry, understood this to be "a kind of barbaric and messy method of genetic engineering, where you use a gun-like apparatus to bombard the plant tissue with genes that are wrapped around tiny gold particles." He knew that particle bombardment can cause unpredictable changes and mutations in the DNA, which might result in new types of proteins.
Cause for Concern?
Or Unimportant Background Noise?
The scientist dismissed these newly created proteins in the cotton plant as unimportant background noise, but Kirk wasn‘t convinced.
Proteins can have allergenic or toxic properties, but no one at Monsanto had done a safety assessment on them. "I was afraid at that time that some of these proteins may be toxic." He was particularly concerned that the rogue proteins "might possibly lead to mad cow or some other prion-type diseases."
Kirk had just been studying mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) and its human counterpart, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
These fatal diseases had been tracked to a class of proteins called prions. Short for "proteinaceous infectious particles," prions are improperly folded proteins, which cause other healthy proteins to also become misfolded. Over time, they cause holes in the brain, severe dysfunction, and death.
Prions survive cooking and are believed to be transmittable to humans who eat meat from infected "mad" cows. The disease may incubate undetected for about 2 to 8 years in cows and up to 30 years in humans.
When Kirk tried to share his concerns with the scientist, he realized, "He had no idea what I was talking about; he had not even heard of prions. And this was at a time when Europe had a great concern about mad cow disease and it was just before the Nobel prize was won by Stanley Prusiner for his discovery of prion proteins."
Kirk said, "These Monsanto scientists are very knowledgeable about traditional products, like chemicals, herbicides, and pesticides, but they don‘t understand the possible harmful outcomes of genetic engineering, such as pathophysiology or prion proteins. So I am explaining to him about the potential untoward effects of these foreign proteins, but he just did not understand."
Pushed Aside and "Case Dismissed"
At this time, Roundup Ready® cotton varieties were being introduced into other regions but were still being field-tested in California. California varieties had not yet been commercialized. But Kirk learned that Monsanto was feeding the cotton plants used in its test plots to cattle.
"I had great issue with this," he said. "I had worked for Abbot Laboratories doing research, doing test plots usinThousands of indebted g Bt sprays from bacteria. We would never take a test plot and put into the food supply, even with somewhat benign chemistries. We would always destroy the test plot material and not let anything into the food supply. Now we entered into a new era of genetic engineering. The standard was not the same as with pesticides. It was much lower, even though it probably should have been much higher."
Kirk complained to the Ph.D. in charge of the test plot about feeding the experimental plants to cows.
He explained that unknown proteins, including prions, might even effect humans who consume the cow‘s milk and meat. The scientist replied, "Well that‘s what we‘re doing everywhere else and that‘s what we‘re doing here." He refused to destroy the plants.
Kirk got a bit frantic. He started talking to others in the company. "I approached pretty much everyone on my team in Monsanto." He was unable to get anyone interested.
In fact, he said, "Once they understood my perspective, I was somewhat ostracized. It seemed as if once I started questioning things, people wanted to keep their distance from me. I lost the cooperation of other team members. Anything that interfered with advancing the commercialization of this technology was going to be pushed aside."
He then approached California Agriculture Commissioners. "These local Ag commissioners are traditionally responsible for test plots and to make sure test plot designs protect people and the environment."
But Kirk got nowhere. "Once again, even at the Ag commissioner level, they were dealing with a new technology that was beyond their comprehension. They did not really grasp what untoward effects might be created by the genetic engineering process itself."
Kirk continued to try to blow the whistle on what he thought could be devastating to the health of consumers. "I spoke to many Ag commissioners. I spoke to people at the University of California. I found no one who would even get it, or even get the connection that proteins might be pathogenic, or that there might be untoward effects associated with these foreign proteins that we knew we were producing. They didn‘t even want to talk about it, really. You‘d kind of see a blank stare when speaking to them on this level. That led me to say I am not going to be part of this company anymore. I‘m not going to be part of this disaster, from a moral perspective."
New Venue, Same Vision to Make a Difference, Continued Research
Kirk gave his two-week notice. In early January 1998, he finished his last day of work in the morning and in the afternoon started his first day at chiropractic college. He was still determined to make a positive difference for the world, but with a radically changed approach.
While in school, he continued to research prion disease and its possible connection with GM crops. What he read then, along with what is known now about prions, has not alleviated his concerns.
He says, "The protein that manifests as mad cow disease takes about five years. With humans, however, that time line is anywhere from 10-30 years. We were talking about 1997 and today it‘s 2006. We still don‘t know if there is anything going to happen to us from our being used as test subjects."
Since Then ...
It turns out that damage done to DNA due to the process of creating a genetically modified organism is far more extensive than previously thought.[1]
GM crops routinely create unintended proteins, alter existing protein levels, or even change the components and shape of the protein that is created by the inserted gene. Kirk‘s concerns about GM crops producing harmful misfolded proteins remain well-founded. And scientists echo Kirk‘s concern as one of many possible dangers that are not being evaluated by the biotech industry‘s superficial safety assessments.
GM cotton has provided ample reports of unpredicted side-effects:
The cotton‘s agronomic performance is also erratic.
The list of adverse reactions reported from other GM crops, in lab animals, livestock, and humans, is considerably longer.
Test Plots and Their Link to Uncontrolled Spread of GM
Kirk‘s concern about GM crop test plots also continues to remain valid. The industry has been consistently inept at controlling the spread of unapproved varieties.
Contamination from field trials may last for centuries.
That may be the fate of a variety of unapproved Roundup Ready® grass which, according to reports made public in August 2006, escaped into the wild from an Oregon test plot years earlier. Pollen crossed with other varieties and wind dispersed the seeds.
Scientists believe that the variety will cross pollinate with other grass varieties and may contaminate the commercial grass seed supply -- 70 percent of which is grown in Oregon.
Absence of Safeguards
Even GM crops with known poisons are being grown outdoors without adequate safeguards for health and the environment.
With the U.S. government failing to prevent GM contamination, and with state governments and agriculture commissioners unwilling to challenge the dictates of the biotech industry, some California counties decided to enact regulations of their own.
California‘s diverse agriculture is particularly vulnerable and thousands of field trials on not-yet-approved GM crops have already taken place there. If contamination were discovered, it could easily devastate the industry.
Four counties have enacted moratoria or bans on the planting of GM crops, including both approved and unapproved varieties.
This follows the actions of more than 4500 jurisdictions in Europe and dozens of nations, states, and regions on all continents -- seeking to restrict planting of GM crops to protect their health, environment, and agriculture.
Ironically, California‘s assembly, which did nothing to protect the state from possible losses due to GM crop contamination, passed a bill on August 24, 2006 prohibiting other counties and cities from creating GM free zones. The senate was expected to vote on the issue by the end of their session on August 31st, 2006, but the session ended without a vote and it has not been re-introduced. For the time being at least, California counties and cities may still enact GM-Free zones.
(This is yet another example of how the biotech industry is pushing its agenda onto U.S. consumers, without regard to health and environmental safeguards. No doubt their lobbyists, anxious to pass this bill, told legislators that GM crops are needed to stop poverty and feed a hungry world.)
You can help by making a donation today to the Institute for Responsible Technology (IRT).
Donations support vitally-needed campaign efforts to create GM-free schools, GM-free
communities, and GM-free manufacturers by providing written and audio-visual materials,
Web support, and guidance to local campaigns.
Jeffrey Smith‘s book, Genetic Roulette, documents 65 health risks of GM foods in easy-to-read two-page spreads, and demonstrates how current safety assessments are not competent to protect consumers from the dangers.
His previous book, Seeds of Deception (www.seedsofdeception.com), is
the world‘s best-selling book on the subject. He is available for media at info@seedsofdeception.com. Dr.
Kirk Azevedo has a chiropractic office in Cambria, California. Press may reach him at
(805) 927-1055 or at drkirk@charter.net.
Spilling the Beans is a monthly column available at www.responsibletechnology.org.
Permission is granted to publishers and webmasters to reproduce issues of Spilling the Beans in whole or in part. Just email us at column@seedsofdeception.com to let us know who you are and what your circulation is, so we can keep track.
The Institute for Responsible Technology is working to end the genetic engineering of our food supply and the outdoor release of GM crops. We warmly welcome your donations and support.
Click here if you‘d like to make a tax-deductible donation, or click here if you would like to become a member of the Institute for Responsible Technology. Membership to the Institute for Responsible Technology costs $25 per year. New members receive The GMO Trilogy, a three-disc set produced by Jeffrey Smith (see www.GMOTrilogy.com).
Eastern